水氮耦合对干热区小粒咖啡产量和品质的影响

为探明干热区小粒咖啡优质高产的水肥管理模式,通过连续2 a大田试验研究旱季4个灌水水平(充分灌水W1和亏缺灌水W2、W3、W4,W2、W3和W4灌水量分别为W1的80%、60%和40%)和3个施氮水平(N1:140 g/棵、N2:100 g/棵和N3:60 g/棵,纯氮量)对小粒咖啡产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,并通过主成分分析对综合营养品质进行评价。结果表明,与W4相比,提高灌水量可增加干豆产量42.8%~151.0%、生豆中绿原酸含量16.9%~31.5%,水分利用效率随灌水量的提高先增后减,W2的水分利用效率最大。与N3相比,提高施氮量增加干豆产量、水分利用效率、生豆中蛋白质和绿原酸含量分别为32.9%~42.6%、32.0%~45.8%、5.9%~9.7%和7.0%~12.6%,N2的干豆产量和水分利用效率最大。与W4N3相比,提高水氮用量能同时增加干豆产量和水分利用效率,分别增加22.0%~307.5%和18.2%~205.3%。W1N2处理获得2 a的最大均产,为5 587.42 kg/hm2。主成分分析结果表明,W2N2的综合营养品质最优,而水氮不协调会导致品质下降。与W4N3相比,W2N2显著提高干豆产量、水分利用效率和生豆中蛋白质和绿原酸含量,降低粗纤维含量。因此,从优质高产角度考虑,干热区小粒咖啡的水氮耦合模式为W2N2组合。     

Genetic diversity and structure of Hemileia vastatrix populations on Coffea spp.

Coffee leaf rust is the most limiting disease for coffee cultivation in Brazil. Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the genetic diversity of Hemileia vastatrix, the rust causal agent. In this work, the DNA from 112 monopustule isolates from different geographic locations and coffee genotypes were analysed by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). The objectives were to assess the influence of the host and geographic origin on the diversity and population differentiation in H. vastatrix. The fungal population showed a low level of genotypic diversity. Gene diversity (h) was 0·027 and the hypothesis of random mating in the total population was rejected, but evidence for recombination was found for two subpopulations (São Paulo and Paraná). The analysis of molecular variance revealed that 90% of the genetic distribution of the pathogen occurs among isolates within the subpopulation (states or host of origin). There was no correlation between geographic and genetic distance (r = ?0·024, P = 0·74), which together with the high number of migrants and the low degree of differentiation in populations of H. vastatrix, is consistent with the fact that the inoculum is probably easily dispersed by wind over long distances, allowing dispersal of the pathogen among coffee growing areas in Brazil. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the durability of resistant sources to coffee rust. The recommendation for the breeding programmes is thus to incorporate multigenic resistance as a control strategy.     

Effect of copper sprays oh the mineral nutrient content and growth of arabica coffee seedlings in Kenya

Abstract

Coffea arabica L. seedlings (cv. S.L.34) were sprayed with varying concentrations of cuprous oxide at 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% for 30 days. Significant increases in the total mean fresh and dry weight; rate of transpiration; stomatal apertures; the total leaf area and plant vigor were observed on the seedlings with increasing concentrations of Cu treatments. The content of N, K, Ca and Cu were significantly increased in the seedlings at Cu spray treatments of 0.50 and 0.75% It is possible that the growth promoting effects produced in coffee by spraying high concentrations of copper is partly nutritional. This is brought about by the catalysing effects of the absorbed Cu ions, by accelerating enzymatic activities within the plant and hence increasing nutrient uptake.     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Norms,Sufficiency Range,and Nutritional Evaluation of Arabian Coffee in Two Sampling Periods

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to establish and compare Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms with the sufficiency range approach, and apply these methods on nutritional diagnosis of Arabian coffee, in field samples collected in summer and winter in Southern Brazil. DRIS norms and sufficiency range were established in groves with average biennial yield equal or above 3000 kg ha^{? 1}. The “t” test was used to verify the differences between the sufficiency range and the DRIS norms. The foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) were higher in summer, and iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in winter. The reference values should be specific for the period of the year. There were differences in the foliar nutritional diagnosis, between the DRIS method and the sufficiency range approach. In samples during the summer analyzed with DRIS, copper (Cu), S, potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) were considered more limited nutrients and Mn, S, K, and calcium (Ca) when the sufficiency range was used.     

Emergence and Infestation Level of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Coffee Berries on the Plant or on the Ground During the Post-harvest Period in Brazil

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important coffee pest in most of the coffee growing countries. CBB females leave old dry berries after harvest and search for dry noninfested berries on the plant or on the ground to lay eggs or to use as refuge until new berries are available on the coffee trees in the following season. The CBB infestation level and emergence from berries on the ground or on the plants were evaluated in two fields post-harvest in the Spring in Brazil over two seasons. Twenty infested or noninfested berries in separate cages (250 ml plastic cups) were placed on the plants or on the ground under the tree canopy, in each field. The number of infested berries and CBB females that emerged from the infested berries were recorded weekly. CBB emergence was higher from berries on the ground than those on the coffee trees in both seasons, whereas CBB infestation was higher on coffee berries on the plants than those on the ground in season I. Insolation (hours of sunlight) and temperature were the main covariates that affected emergence and infestation by this insect. The results are discussed for monitoring CBB during the time of dispersal with implications on integrated management of this pest.     

基于根区土壤质量指数优化小粒种咖啡滴灌施肥方案

开展3个施肥量(以单株计,FH 190.8 g,FM 127.2 g,FL 63.6 g)和3个灌水量(以单株计,WH 190.63 L,WM 158.86 L,WL 132.90 L)的2因素3水平完全组合试验,选取小粒种咖啡(Coffea arabica)根区土壤硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,...     

施用咖啡果皮对咖啡幼苗生长及土壤理化性状的影响

通过盆栽试验研究施用不同量的咖啡果皮对咖啡幼苗生长及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:施用5%(果皮与土壤质量比)以上咖啡果皮的咖啡幼苗地上部、根系干重,总根长,根系直径及根系总体积显著低于对照处理;随咖啡果皮施用量的增加,咖啡幼苗长势显著变差;施用5%以上的咖啡果皮可显著增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量和土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,但土壤p H显著下降。综上所述,施用5%以上直接堆沤腐熟的咖啡果皮会抑制咖啡幼苗生长,降低土壤p H,但可显著提高土壤养分含量和土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,增加土壤养分有效性。     

不同遮光和施氮水平对小粒咖啡生长和光合特性的影响

【目的】探明小粒咖啡Coffea arabica幼树最佳的光照和施氮耦合模式。【方法】试验设置3个遮光水平:不遮光(S0,自然光照)、轻度遮光(S1,65%自然光照)、重度遮光(S2,30%自然光照), 3个施氮水平:无氮(N0,0 g·kg-1)、中氮(N1,0.20 g·kg-1)、高氮(N2,0.40 g·kg-1),研究不同遮光和施氮水平对小粒咖啡生长、日均光合特性和生物量累积的影响。【结果】随遮光度的增加叶绿素总量呈上升趋势。与S0处理相比,S1处理小粒咖啡叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、表观光能利用效率和总生物量分别提高13.54%、18.54%、127.77%和12.41%;S2处理总生物量减少11.55%。与N0处理相比,N1处理叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、表观光能利用效率和总生物量分别增加27.25%、20.77%、10.80%和18.47%,N2处理的上述性状分别增加14.85%、25.99%、41.65%和21.02%。与S0N0相比,随遮光度和施氮量的增加叶片蒸腾速率和表观光能利用效率增大,叶片水分利用效率呈先增后减趋势。【结论】小粒咖啡最优的遮光和施氮耦合模式为轻度遮光下高氮组合(S1N2),该组合有利于获得较高的叶片水光利用效率和生物量。     

普洱市小粒咖啡病虫害种类调查分析

对云南省普洱市小粒咖啡主要栽种区病虫害及荫蔽树种类、杂草和荫蔽树与咖啡病虫害的关系进行调查研究。结果发现普洱市小粒咖啡害虫有13种,病害有7种,常用荫蔽树有17种。文中还分析杂草和荫蔽树与咖啡病虫害关系,就普洱市咖农的管理技术提出建议。     

Coffee resistance to Colletotrichum kahawae is associated with lignification, accumulation of phenols and cell death at infection sites

Histological and ultrastructural studies were undertaken to compare Colletotrichum kahawae growth and the sequence of responses it induced in resistant and susceptible coffee genotypes. Coffee resistance was characterized by a restricted fungal growth associated with hypersensitive-like cell death and early accumulation of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids (cytoplasmic contents) and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (cell walls). This accumulation of phenols in the cell walls preceded their lignification and thickening. In the susceptible genotype, a late accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in a number of cell walls and the encasement of some intracellular hyphae were also observed, but these delayed host responses did not prevent fungal growth and sporulation.